The 1860 census was completed late in 1860, just before the secession of Southern states that would trigger the Civil War. As such, census workers produced maps of the nation, especially the South, to aid Union forces (Paul Schor, “Census Data for 1850 and 1860 and the Defeat of the South,” in Counting Americans: How the US Census Classified the Nation)—in doing so, they became the first to compile its statistical data in the form of a statistical atlas. These maps, produced under the direction of census superintendent J. C. G. Kennedy, were both used by military leaders in their campaigns against the Confederacy and reproduced widely for the public as individual pieces, especially “the one showing the distribution of the slave population in the southern states, published in 1861,” once the Confederacy had formed (Paul Schor, “Census Data for 1850 and 1860 and the Defeat of the South,” in Counting Americans). Reprinted for general Americans and separated from the contextual data of the complete census, this map by itself serves as a means to reassure the Northern population that the Confederacy was not a perfectly internally aligned or coherent polity: it used racial proportions as a measure of slavery’s entrenchment in society, and thus, how aligned individual counties were with the commitments of the Confederacy. The map’s implicit assumption is that the higher a county’s proportion of enslaved people to the aggregate population was, the more widespread large-scale plantation slavery was within it, and the more it would be committed to the Confederacy. By dividing up southern states into their specific counties, the map sequesters high-density slaveholding in small sections, emphasizing their fragmentation rather than depicting states as monolithic in their investment in slavery.